Justia U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals Opinion Summaries

Crowell sought Supplemental Social Security Insurance benefits in 2010, alleging that she was unable to work due to ADHD, social anxiety, fibromyalgia, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, chronic pain, panic attacks, arthritis, shoulder pain, back pain, OCD, anxiety, depression, insomnia, asthma, and COPD. The ALJ agreed that certain impairments were severe as defined under the regulations: fibromyalgia, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and impairments of her left shoulder which remained after surgical correction, and also considered Crowell’s claims that she suffered from asthma, back problems, substance abuse, and “absence” spells, but deemed that none of those conditions met the criteria of severe impairments. The Social Security Administration denied her application.After several appeals and remands, the district court upheld the denial of benefits. The Seventh Circuit affirmed. The ALJ appropriately followed the five-step process for evaluating whether a plaintiff is disabled, 20 C.F.R. 416.920, considering whether the claimant is currently employed, has a severe impairment or combination of impairments, has an impairment that meets or equals any impairment listed as being so severe as to preclude substantial gainful activity, has residual functional capacity that leaves her unable to perform past relevant work, and is unable to perform any other work existing in significant numbers in the national economy. View "Crowell v. Kijakazi" on Justia Law

Crounse delivered barges to Mulzer, which cleaned the barges, loaded them with Mulzer’s crushed stone, delivered the stone, cleaned the barges again, and released the barges to Crounse. Crounse’s barges were used by other companies to haul other materials. Barges carrying coal sometimes returned with as much as a foot of coal remaining in the hopper. Mulzer would clear the coal and sell it for a profit. Mulzer's employee, Smith, was operating a skid steer with a “blade” positioned at its lowest height to push coal to the front of the hopper for removal with a broom. The blade hit a "scab." Smith was propelled forward. Smith’s seatbelt failed; he was injured when he hit a safety bar. The hopper floor scab resulted from a split seam, 12-14 inches long, and a few inches tall. The barge was 24 years old. Crounse had procedures for regularly inspecting and repairing its barge, including the hopper. Crounse had received no reports of damage to the barge; 23 days before Smith’s accident, the barge had been cleaned by a blade without incident.Smith sued Crounse under the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act, 33 U.S.C. 901, and general maritime law. The Seventh Circuit affirmed summary judgment in favor of Crounse. Smith lacked evidence that Crounse’s inspection and repair procedures were inadequate; that Crounse had actual knowledge or should have known of the defect in the exercise of ordinary care; and did not demonstrate that Crounse failed to comply with its turnover duties. View "Smith v. Crounse Corp." on Justia Law

Otradovec pleaded guilty to producing child pornography, 18 U.S.C. 2251, an offense subject to section 3014, which directs certain “non-indigent” sex offenders to pay a $5,000 special assessment within 20 years from the entry of a criminal judgment or their release from imprisonment. He argued that his financial condition rendered him indigent under section 3014 because he had spent the last of his money paying for a private attorney, although he qualified for appointed counsel. The government focused on his future prospects and underscored that his college degree, military service, and consistent work history would probably allow him to secure a job after his release. Without explaining how it considered Otradovec’s present and future financial condition, the district court imposed the special assessment and order Otradovec to pay $100 a month starting after his release, while acknowledging that Otradovec could not afford to pay other criminal fines.The Seventh Circuit vacated and remanded. It is uncertain how the district court understood the term “non-indigent” and whether it considered Otradovec’s future earnings capacity within the appropriate boundaries. Indigency covers two things: eligibility for appointed counsel and the financial capacity to provide for oneself. View "United States v. Otradovec" on Justia Law

Frazier obtained a home mortgage loan for which Dovenmuehle served as sub-servicer. Beginning in October 2015, Frazier failed to make her monthly payments. Frazier successfully negotiated and settled her debt through a short sale of her home, which closed in January 2016. Frazier was later denied a new mortgage loan because her Equifax credit report reflected late payments on her previous mortgage in months following the short sale. She disputed the information to several credit reporting agencies. To confirm the accuracy of its records, Equifax sent Dovenmuehle four Automated Consumer Dispute Verification forms in 2019-2020. Frazier contends the amended codes Dovenmuehle gave Equifax for Pay Rate and Account History were inaccurate, pointing to how Equifax interpreted and reported the amended data in her credit reports.Frazier sued under the Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. 1681, claiming that Dovenmuehle failed to conduct a reasonable investigation of disputed data and provided false and misleading information to credit reporting agencies. She relied on evidence about persisting inaccuracies in Equifax’s credit reports produced using the amended data. The district court granted Dovenmuehle summary judgment. The Seventh Circuit affirmed. Given the full record, no reasonable jury could find that Dovenmuehle provided patently incorrect or materially misleading information. View "Frazier v. Dovenmuehle Mortgage, Inc." on Justia Law

As a Chicago gang member, States participated in drug trafficking and kidnappings. Officers went to his apartment to arrest him. States fired five shots through the door and hit an officer in the finger. A jury convicted him on 12 counts. The court sentenced him to life in prison, plus 57 years in consecutive sentences under 18 U.S.C. 924(c)—two for carrying a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence, and one for carrying a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime. States subsequently moved to vacate his sentence, 28 U.S.C. 2255. The Seventh Circuit affirmed the reimposition of his sentence.The Supreme Court subsequently held (Johnson) that the ACCA residual clause, 18 U.S.C. 924(e)(2)(B), was unconstitutionally vague. Section 924(c) has an analogous residual clause (later struck down). States filed a successive 2255 motion to vacate his 924(c) convictions. His predicate crimes of violence were Hobbs Act extortion and attempted murder of a federal officer, 18 U.S.C. 1113–1114. The court vacated the extortion-predicate conviction but denied the motion with respect to the conviction predicated on attempted murder; then-controlling circuit precedent established that an attempt to commit a crime of violence is a crime of violence under 924(c)'s elements clause. The Seventh Circuit affirmed his sentence--concurrent 20-year terms plus two consecutive five-year sentences for the 924(c) convictions. The district court correctly held that attempted murder of a federal officer is a crime of violence and that drug trafficking and kidnapping offenses could not be grouped. View "United States v. States" on Justia Law

Hess, a 17-year-old student, was required to participate in a ride-along with Hammond Officer Garcia. Her complaint describes a day-long sequence of inappropriate comments and questions punctuated by unwelcome physical sexual contact. Garcia allegedly rubbed his arm against her breast, repeatedly placed his hand on Hess’s thigh, put his hand on her buttocks, stated that Hess wanted to become a prostitute, and, while in a secluded location, asked another officer if he wanted to have sex with Hess. After Hess’s ride along, another female classmate participated in the course-required ride with Garcia. When the classmate told Hess that Garcia had acted inappropriately, the girls reported their experiences.Hess sued Garcia and Chief Doughty in their individual capacities under 42 U.S.C. 1983. The Seventh Circuit affirmed the dismissal of the claim against Doughty for lack of allegations of the requisite level of involvement in the alleged violations. The court reversed the dismissal of the claim against Garcia. It is well established that sexual assault by a government official acting under the color of law can violate the Equal Protection Clause as sex discrimination, the Fourth Amendment right “of the people to be secure in their persons,” and the right to bodily integrity protected by the Due Process Clause. The court rejected arguments that the alleged conduct was simply “boorish” and not serious enough to implicate the Constitution. Sexual assault is an intentional act that never serves a legitimate governmental purpose. View "Hess v. Garcia" on Justia Law

Jaranowski worked as a conductor for the Railroad for 22 years. While operating a railroad switch in 2020, he seriously injured his neck. He sued the railroad under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act (FELA), 45 U.S.C. 51, alleging that he was injured because the railroad failed to maintain the switch properly. He accused the railroad of ordinary negligence and negligence per se based on alleged violations of Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Track Safety Standards, 49 C.F.R. 213. The district court concluded that Jaranowski had failed to present evidence that would support a finding that the railroad had actual or constructive notice of any defect in the switch before he was injured and granted the Railroad summary judgment.The Seventh Circuit reversed. Actual or constructive notice is required to violate the federal Track Safety Standards, however, Jaranowski presented sufficient evidence to create a genuine dispute as to whether the railroad at least should have known that the switch was defective before he was injured. A reasonable jury could accept Jaranowski’s account of the facts and the report of his expert, who examined the switch, to conclude that the Railroad’s prior inspection was performed without due care. View "Jaranowski v. Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Co." on Justia Law

In 1996, Melvin Osorio-Morales’s family member, Jeremias, was dating Argueta, who was also dating a member of the Hernandez family. The men had a shootout; Jeremias was killed. In retaliation, the Osorio family killed Robert Hernandez. The Hernandez family set fire to the Osorio home, burning a grandmother alive. Two uncles escaped with significant burns. Apparently, a criminal case was brought after the fire, but the accused Hernandez family members were subsequently released, setting off a bloody feud. Melvin was born a year later. Melvin never had a violent interaction with the Hernandez family, but had to “watch [his] back” and carry weapons for protection. Melvin testified that one cousin was left paralyzed, three uncles were killed, two cousins committed suicide out of fear of what the Hernandez family would do to them, and another cousin was stabbed to death.Melvin entered the U.S. in 2014. The BIA affirmed the denial of his claims for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture. The Seventh Circuit denied relief. Findings that the Honduran government is not “unable or unwilling” to control the threat from the Hernandez family were supported by substantial evidence. A government’s decision not to prosecute, without more information, does not show an “unwillingness or inability to protect.” View "Osorio-Morales v. Garland" on Justia Law

Martinez applied for supplemental security income. An ALJ reviewed the record and found that Martinez suffered from severe impairments but could nonetheless “perform the requirements of representative unskilled occupations such as a checker, routing clerk, and mail sorter.” After the Appeals Council denied Martinez’s request to review the decision, Martinez filed suit, then notified the Commissioner that the administrative record (pages within exhibit B15F) included medical records regarding a different claimant. In filing the administrative record with the court, the Commissioner noted that it was the full record. The pages relating to the other claimant were removed and replaced with a placeholder reading: “THIS PAGE WAS REMOVED AS AN EXHIBIT BY THE APPEALS COUNCIL BECAUSE IT DOES NOT REFER TO THE CLAIMANT.” Neither Martinez nor the district court saw the omitted pages. The Commissioner refused to produce the pages. Martinez moved to compel the Commissioner to include the full exhibit in the administrative record. The district court denied that motion, stating that “[t]he ALJ [only] cited the third-party records in exhibit B15F … as additional potential evidence that Mr. Martinez had an impairment.” The district court then affirmed the denial as supported by substantial evidence.The Seventh Circuit reversed. The decision is not supported by substantial evidence because it relies on medical records belonging to someone other than Martinez; it is impossible to determine whether that error was harmless. View "Martinez v. Kijakazi" on Justia Law

FBI agents created a profile for a fictitious individual, “Clay,” on the dating app “Grindr.” Grindr does not allow users under age 18, so the agent represented that Clay was 18. Agent Carter testified that he exchanged messages with Leal, telling him that Clay was 15 years old. Grindr deleted Clay’s profile. Carter created a new profile for “Corey.” Leal initiated contact with Corey. The ensuing discussion concerned a meeting, Corey’s age and the risk of going to jail, and condoms. When Leal arrived for the meeting, an officer pulled up behind the car Leal had described; the car accelerated. Officers stopped the vehicle and found Leal driving. Leal admitted to planning to receive oral sex from Corey—who he believed was under 18–and stated that he deleted the Grindr app as he was being stopped because he knew it was wrong to meet with a 15-year-old.Leal was charged with attempted enticement of a minor, 18 U.S.C. 2422(b). At Leal’s request, the district court charged the jury with the pattern instruction regarding the entrapment defense. The court also provided the jury with the pattern instruction regarding the permissibility of the government’s use of undercover and deceptive investigative techniques. Convicted, Leal was sentenced to the mandatory minimum of 120 months’ imprisonment. The Seventh Circuit affirmed, rejecting challenges to the jury instruction and the sufficiency of the evidence submitted to prove that Leal was not entrapped. View "United States v. Leal" on Justia Law