Justia U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals Opinion Summaries

Black repeatedly tried to pay off a more than $5 million tax debt with checks drawn on checking accounts that he knew were closed to prevent the IRS from collecting taxes from him. A jury convicted Black of one count of obstructing and impeding the IRS from collecting taxes and four counts of passing and presenting fictitious financial instruments with intent to defraud. The district court sentenced Black to 71 months in prison. The Seventh Circuit vacated and remanded for resentencing, agreeing that the district court erred in determining his sentencing range under U.S.S.G. 2T1.1, by improperly calculating the tax loss by aggregating the face value of the fraudulent checks and by including penalties and interest in the calculation. The court upheld refusal to consider audit errors and apply available deductions because Black could not establish that he was entitled to any reduction in taxes owed. View "United States v. Black" on Justia Law

The IRS assessed deficiencies against Williams in connection with his income tax for 1996-2005, totaling, with interest and penalties, about $1.3 million. He did not pay. The IRS filed tax liens in Clark County, Indiana, where Williams and his wife Leslie jointly own land. The state and county also filed liens. The district court entered an order that specifies how much Williams owes to each of the three taxing bodies, orders the property to be sold and the net receipts applied to these debts, and details how the money will be divided among the United States, the state, the county, and Leslie. The order states that it is the court’s final decision; the Williamses appealed. The mortgage lender argued that foreclosure governed by Illinois law is not final, and not appealable, because the amount of a deficiency judgment depends on the reasonableness of the sale price, and the validity of the sale itself is contestable to determine whether the outcome is equitable. Illinois provides debtors with multiple opportunities to redeem before a transfer takes effect. The Seventh Circuit affirmed. The foreclosure sale is governed by 26 U.S.C. 7403(c), which does not provide for deficiency judgments and does not give the taxpayer a right of redemption. View "United States v. Williams" on Justia Law

Bulk, a gasoline distributor with gas stations in Kentucky, Indiana, and Tennessee, leases stations and equipment to tenant-operators. Bulk receives monthly rent plus payment for gasoline. The Kentucky Department of Revenue (KDOR) revoked Bulk’s license as a gasoline and special fuels dealer after it asked Bulk to post additional security and Bulk failed to do so. The change affected only the way in which Kentucky collected its fuel tax. Bulk kept track of the separate line-item for the tax in the invoices it received from its suppliers (Marathon and BP) and sought refunds from KDOR for those payments. A KDOR employee emailed Bulk that “only a licensed dealer is allowed to purchase product without the Kentucky tax for export. If your license is reinstated and all outstanding tax liabilities are satisfied, consideration will be given to your refund request.” Bulk regained its license, then sought Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Bulk filed an adversary proceeding, seeking refund of the taxes. Kentucky filed a proof of claim. The bankruptcy court ruled in favor of Bulk, finding that Bulk had paid the taxes, which were not appropriately collected for gasoline that was consigned to destinations outside Kentucky. The district court disagreed, concluding that Bulk just paid a higher price to its suppliers. The Seventh Circuit reinstated the decision in favor of Bulk. View "Bulk Petroleum Corp. v. Ky. Dep't of Revenue" on Justia Law

Bulk, a gasoline distributor with gas stations in Kentucky, Indiana, and Tennessee, leases stations and equipment to tenant-operators. Bulk receives monthly rent plus payment for gasoline. The Kentucky Department of Revenue (KDOR) revoked Bulk’s license as a gasoline and special fuels dealer after it asked Bulk to post additional security and Bulk failed to do so. The change affected only the way in which Kentucky collected its fuel tax. Bulk kept track of the separate line-item for the tax in the invoices it received from its suppliers (Marathon and BP) and sought refunds from KDOR for those payments. A KDOR employee emailed Bulk that “only a licensed dealer is allowed to purchase product without the Kentucky tax for export. If your license is reinstated and all outstanding tax liabilities are satisfied, consideration will be given to your refund request.” Bulk regained its license, then sought Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Bulk filed an adversary proceeding, seeking refund of the taxes. Kentucky filed a proof of claim. The bankruptcy court ruled in favor of Bulk, finding that Bulk had paid the taxes, which were not appropriately collected for gasoline that was consigned to destinations outside Kentucky. The district court disagreed, concluding that Bulk just paid a higher price to its suppliers. The Seventh Circuit reinstated the decision in favor of Bulk. View "Bulk Petroleum Corp. v. Ky. Dep't of Revenue" on Justia Law

Billhartz left more than $20 million to his four children when he died. His estate tax return claimed a deduction for more than $14 million because the amounts paid to the children through a trust were paid pursuant to Billhartz’s contractual obligation under a marital settlement agreement with his first wife. The IRS disallowed the deduction in full and issued a notice of deficiency. The Estate filed suit. Before trial the Estate and the IRS settled; the IRS conceded 52.5% of the claimed deduction. Soon after the settlement, Billhartz’s children sued the Estate in state court, claiming that they were entitled to a larger portion of their father’s fortune and that their prior acceptance of a lesser amount had been obtained fraudulently. The Estate asked the Tax Court to vacate the settlement on the basis that, were the children to prevail, the settlement would bar the Estate from claiming an estate tax refund for any additional amount paid to the children. The Tax Court rejected the Estate’s arguments, and entered a decision reflecting the terms of the settlement agreement. The Seventh Circuit affirmed. The Tax Court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to set aside the settlement. View "Billhartz v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue" on Justia Law

Taxpayers petitioned the Tax Court for a redetermination of $18,030 in deficiencies and penalties for tax years 2009 through 2011. On the trial date, the IRs Commissioner submitted a “Stipulation of Settled Issues” signed by the parties. The document states that it “reflects” the parties’ “agreement as to the disposition of adjustments,” but contained no mention of agreement concerning the fact or amount of a deficiency for any of the relevant tax years. At the Commissioner’s request, the Tax Court granted the parties 30 days to file “decision documents” in lieu of trial. The Commissioner calculated a total deficiency of $12,252 and a penalty of $0. When the couple refused to agree to this amount, the Commissioner asked the Tax Court to enter a decision adopting the Commissioner’s figures. The taxpayers sought more time to produce an agreement, but the Tax Court granted the Commissioner’s motion on the ground that “the parties’ computations for decision and proposed decisions consistent with their settlement agreement” were overdue. The Seventh Circuit vacated. In light of the parties’ disagreement over the taxpayers’ liability, the Tax Court erred by entering a judgment without holding a trial. View "Hussain v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue" on Justia Law

Eagan, Minnesota, assisted in apprehending Procknow, who had absconded while serving supervised release imposed by a Wisconsin state court for forgery. Authorities had received information that Procknow and his girlfriend were staying at an Eagan hotel. The girlfriend was registered at the hotel. Officers spotted Procknow’s car, chased Procknow through the lobby, and arrested him. Through the windows of Procknow’s car, they saw a scanner or copier. Learning of the arrests, the hotel manager stated that the their stay was being terminated and asked the officers to collect a dog, believed to be in their room and ensure that there were no other occupants. Officers knocked, and announced. No one answered, so they used a hotel key and found a dog. Entering to ensure that there were no other occupants, officers saw, in plain view, an electric typewriter, a credit card issued in the name of “Smith,” and financial forms bearing various names and social security numbers. Officer photographed the room, sealed it, and obtained search warrants for the room and car. They seized blank W‐2 forms, partially completed tax forms, lists of business employer identification numbers, and prepaid debit cards (tax refunds) in the names of different people. Further investigation revealed that Procknow had obtained the personal identifying information of at least 40 individuals, which he used to file fraudulent tax returns and claim refunds. Procknow pleaded guilty to theft of government money and aggravated identify theft. The Seventh Circuit affirmed denial of a motion to suppress evidence obtained by the warrantless entry into the hotel room and evidence obtained by grand jury subpoena following the withdrawal of IRS administrative summonses requesting the same information. View "United States v. Procknow" on Justia Law

Curtis, a lawyer, filed 1996-1997 returns reporting tax obligations of $218,983 and $248,236, but made no payments. His partner had taken $600,000 from the practice and declared bankruptcy; Curtis underwent an expensive divorce. Curtis failed to file a return for 1998. Curtis entered into an installment agreement. He filed a return for 2000 but failed to pay $90,000. He entered into a second agreement, but filed returns for 2003 and 2004 reflecting unpaid tax liabilities of $176,802 and $61,000. Curtis did not make estimated payments and stopped making installment payments. He filed returns for 2007, 2008 and 2009, but paid nothing. Curtis was charged with misdemeanor willfully failing to pay taxes owed for 2007, 2008 and 2009, 26 U.S.C. 7203. The court allowed evidence under Rule 404(b), of Curtis’s history of failing to pay his taxes and his withdrawals of money from his law practice for personal expenses. Curtis did not object, but objected to the government’s proposed evidence that he failed to pay payroll taxes for his employees in 2013, arguing that any violations after the charged years did not bear on his state of mind during the time of the charged offenses. Although the court gave Curtis’s proposed instruction on good faith, it declined to modify the pattern instruction to include a requirement for bad motive, with respect to willfulness. The Seventh Circuit affirmed his convictions. View "United States v. Curtis" on Justia Law

The Internal Revenue Service determined that Gyorgy (who did not file tax returns 2001-2007) owed approximately $100,000 in unpaid income taxes, penalties, and interest for tax years 2002 and 2003. The IRS mailed notices of his deficiencies in 2006 and 2007, including demands for payment, to the address on his most recently filed tax return. But Gyorgy no longer lived there and did not receive the notices. More than two years later, his debts were still outstanding, so the IRS filed notice of a federal tax lien on his property. Gyorgy challenged the action in a collection due process (CDP) hearing before the IRS Office of Appeals, which sustained the IRS’s filing of the lien notice, findings that the IRS properly mailed Gyorgy’s deficiency notices under I.R.C. 6212(b)(1) before filing the lien and correctly determined his underlying tax liabilities. The tax court and the Seventh Circuit affirmed, noting that Gyorgy presented no arguments and no evidence before the tax court to challenge the IRS’s calculation of the taxes and penalties he owes. View "Gyorgy v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue" on Justia Law

When the dude ranch owned by a closely held Wisconsin corporation was sold, the shareholders planned to liquidate, but the asset sale had produced a sizable capital ($1.8 million) gain and the corporation faced significant federal and state tax liability. Midcoast proposed an intricate tax-avoidance transaction that involved Midcoast purchasing shares for offset against bad debts and losses purchased from credit card companies, purportedly financing the purchases with a loan. The shareholders implemented the plan. The taxes were never paid. The IRS sought to hold the former shareholders responsible for the tax debt as transferees of the defunct corporation under 28 U.S.C. 6901 and Wisconsin law of fraudulent transfer and corporate dissolution. The tax court ruled in favor of the IRS. The Seventh Circuit affirmed, agreeing with the tax court that the substance of the transaction was a liquidation. Midcoast did not actually pay the shareholders for their stock; instead, each shareholder received a pro rata distribution of cash on hand— the proceeds of the asset sale—making them “transferees” as that term is broadly defined in section 6901(h). View "Dugan v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue" on Justia Law