Justia U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals Opinion Summaries

LSQ provides invoice-factoring services to other businesses, including Engstrom. Weeks before Engstrom declared bankruptcy, its CEO, Campion orchestrated a payoff agreement between LSQ and a new lender, Millennium. Pursuant to the agreement, Millennium paid Engstrom’s debt to LSQ, replacing LSQ as Engstrom’s creditor. In exchange, LSQ released all of its interest in Engstrom’s accounts, which immediately went to Millennium. Once Engstrom filed for bankruptcy, the Trustee of its estate sued LSQ in an attempt to avoid the payoff, alleging that the accounts Millennium purchased were worthless and that LSQ conspired with Engstrom to leave Millennium with the phony accounts when Engstrom’s business fell apart. The Trustee claims Engstrom used the new financing from Millennium to pay off LSQ, keep LSQ quiet about the Debtor having fake accounts, and keep its Ponzi scheme running. The Trustee argued that the payoff agreement was avoidable as both a preferential and a fraudulent transfer.The bankruptcy court dismissed the suit, holding that the payoff agreement was not avoidable because it did not qualify as a transfer of “an interest of the debtor in property,” 11 U.S.C. 547, 548. The district court and Seventh Circuit agreed. Because the transaction had no effect on Engstrom’s bankruptcy estate, the Bankruptcy Code’s avoidance provisions play no role. View "Mann v. LSQ Funding Group LC" on Justia Law

The United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Illinois ruled that all assets held by the Soad Wattar Revocable Living Trust—including the Wattar family home—were part of the bankruptcy estate of Richard Sharif. Sharif was the son of Soad Wattar, now de‐ ceased. As the sole trustee of the Wattar trust. Sharif’s sisters, Haifa and Ragda Sharifeh, soon launched an effort to keep the trust proceeds out of their brother’s bankruptcy estate. At issue in these appeals are the bankruptcy court’s rulings on three motions: (1) Haifa’s 2015 motion to vacate the court’s decision that all trust assets belonged to the bankruptcy estate; (2) the sisters’ joint 2016 motion for leave to sue the Chapter 7 trustee assigned to Sharif’s bankruptcy for purported due process violations; and (3) Ragda’s motion seeking both reimbursement of money she allegedly spent on the family home and the proceeds from Wattar’s life insurance policy, which the court had found to be an asset of the trust and therefore part of the bankruptcy estate.   The Seventh Circuit affirmed. The court held that even if Haifa were really the executor, she simply waited too long to assert the estate’s rights. In the bankruptcy and district courts, the trustee raised the equitable defense of laches, which cuts off the right to sue when (1) the plaintiff has inexcusably delayed bringing suit and (2) that delay harmed the defendant. Next, the court held that the bankruptcy court correctly concluded that the motion did not set forth a prima facie case for a right to relief against the trustee. View "Estate of Soad Wattar v. Horace Fox, Jr." on Justia Law

Jelena filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. The Trustee sued her mother, Jorgovanka, in a “turnover” proceeding, 11 U.S.C. 542, to recover a stake in a company registered in Jorgovanka’s name. The Trustee successfully argued before the bankruptcy court that Jorgovanka served as Jelena’s nominee—a party who holds title for another’s benefit. The court ruled that equitable ownership of the stake in the company belonged to Jelena, and was subject to turnover to the bankruptcy estate.The district court and Seventh Circuit affirmed, rejecting Jorgovanka’s argument that the bankruptcy court incorrectly applied a preponderance of the evidence standard of proof, rather than clear and convincing evidence. A preponderance standard applies unless particularly important individual interests are involved or the estate’s theory for property turnover imposes a higher standard of proof. Neither situation exists here. The bankruptcy court did not clearly err in finding that the Trustee had met his burden of establishing Jelena’s equitable ownership. The court properly considered the close personal relationship, the consideration given for the property, the anticipation of collection activity, the failure to record the conveyance, and the transferor’s continued control over the property. Because Jorgovanka presented a colorable legal argument, the court declined to award sanctions. View "Dordevic v. Paloian" on Justia Law

Peraica represented Dordevic in her Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceeding and submitted a Statement of Financial Affairs (Rule 2016 disclosure) in which he reported that Dordevic had paid him $5,000. As the Trustee learned during discovery, Dordevic had actually paid Peraica $21,500. The Trustee informed Peraica that he needed to file an updated Rule 2016 fee disclosure. Peraica instead sent the Trustee an informal accounting document listing $21,500 in fees. The Trustee responded: “The Rule 2016 disclosures actually need to be filed with the Court” by submitting “an official form.” Peraica repeatedly ignored the Trustee’s reminders. The Trustee filed a motion, 11 U.S.C. 329, to examine the fees. Peraica failed to respond; the Trustee then requested that all fees be forfeited. The bankruptcy court granted the motion.The district court and Seventh Circuit affirmed. Beyond Peraica’s brazen disregard of the Trustee’s advice, Peraica’s proffered explanation for not updating his fee disclosure lacking, if not false. Peraica had been involved in more than 350 bankruptcy cases in the Northern District of Illinois alone. The bankruptcy court ordered Peraica to disgorge all past fees as a penalty for his blatant lack of compliance with his obligations. There is no leeway for partial or incomplete disclosure. View "Peraica v. Layng" on Justia Law

Kimball entered annexation agreements with Illinois municipalities and contracted separately with Fidelity as a surety to issue bonds securing performance on those obligations. Fidelity required Kimball to indemnify it. In 2008, Kimball filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy relief before it satisfied its development obligations. The municipalities and Fidelity filed proofs of claim.Fidelity voted in favor of Kimball's reorganization plan. The confirmation order released the claims of every party that voted for the plan; an injunction prohibited those entities from seeking payment on their claims. Kimball’s assets, “free and clear of any and all liens, claims, encumbrances, and interests,” went into a trust that sold its development interests to TRG. The bankruptcy court later allowed the municipalities to sue Kimball to establish liability in order to recover the proceeds of the performance bonds.The municipalities sued Fidelity in state court to collect on the bonds. Fidelity interpleaded TRG. TRG asked the bankruptcy court to enforce the Kimball plan confirmation order and injunction against Fidelity and alleged “knowing and intentional violation of the confirmation order.” The bankruptcy court held Fidelity in contempt of that order, concluded that the order extinguished Kimball’s duty to indemnify Fidelity, and awarded TRG $9.5 million in sanctions, The district court and Seventh Circuit affirmed. The bankruptcy court undertook a careful and detailed analysis in finding Fidelity in contempt and assessing sanctions based on TRG's costs. There was no legal or factual error. View "Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland v. TRG Venture Two, LLC" on Justia Law

Bankruptcy trustees can recover some transfers made to outside parties during the 90 days before the debtor files a petition, 11 U.S.C. 547(b)(4)(A). Warsco, the trustee in the Harris bankruptcy, discovered that about $3,700 had been paid to Creditmax during those 90 days under a garnishment order, which was issued by an Indiana state court more than 90 days before Harris filed his bankruptcy petition. Warsco began an adversary proceeding to recover the $3,700Creditmax argued that the definition of a “transfer” under section 547 depends on state law and that under Indiana law a “transfer” occurs when a garnishment order is entered, not when money is paid. The bankruptcy court denied the Trustee’s application. The Seventh Circuit overruled and remanded the decision, citing a 1992 Supreme Court holding that federal rather than state law defines the meaning of “transfer.” The “transfer” occurs when money changes hands. View "Warsco v. Creditmax Collection Agency, Inc." on Justia Law

Ryan sought worker’s compensation and entered into a settlement with his employer, calling for "$150,000 to Rodney Ryan, minus attorney fees and costs listed below; $400,000 to the Trust Account of Fortune & McGillis for disbursement to medical providers and lienholders, it being understood that from any balance remaining Mr. Ryan shall receive 80% and Fortune & McGillis shall receive 20%.” Fortune, Ryan’s law firm, received $30,000 in fees. The employer agreed to fund a Medicare Set Aside for Ryan’s future medical expenses. A state administrative law judge approved the Settlement.Weeks later, before any of the $400,000 was distributed to his doctors, Ryan filed for bankruptcy and attempted to exempt the $400,000 from the estate, citing Wisconsin Statutes 102.27(1), which says no “claim for [worker’s] compensation, or compensation awarded, or paid, [may] be taken for the debts of the party entitled thereto.” Ryan owed more than $800,000 in unpaid medical bills. His medical creditors cited Section 102.26(3)(b)(2), “[a]t the request of the claimant[,] medical expense[s], witness fees[,] and other charges associated with the claim may be ordered paid out of the amount awarded.” The district court and Sixth Circuit affirmed the bankruptcy court holding that Ryan could not exempt the $400,000. The Order created an express trust in favor of the doctors with Fortune as trustee. There were also "grounds to impose a constructive trust because allowing Ryan to keep the $400,000 would have amounted to unjust enrichment.” View "Ryan v Branko Prpa MD LLC" on Justia Law

Sheehan emigrated from Ireland decades ago and currently lives in Winfield, Illinois. Sheehan obtained loans from an Irish bank to buy interests in an Irish medical company (Blackrock), and to purchase property located in Ballyheigue, Sheehan defaulted on both loans. Breccia, an Irish entity, acquired the loans and took steps to foreclose on the underlying collateral. Sheehan sued but an Irish court authorized Breccia to enforce its security interest in the Blackrock Shares and the Ballyheigue property. Breccia registered the Blackrock Shares in its name and appointed a receiver, Murran, to take possession of the Ballyheigue property. Sheehan filed a petition for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, triggering an automatic stay, 11 U.S.C. 362 (a)(3). Sheehan notified the Irish receiver, Murran, and Breccia of the automatic stay. Breccia continued, through Murran, to take the necessary steps toward selling the collateral, entering into a contract with IADC (another Irish company) to sell the Blackrock Shares.The bankruptcy court dismissed Sheehan's subsequent adversary complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction over the Irish defendants, as none of them conducted any activity related to the adversary claims in the U.S.; the only link between the defendants and the forum was the fact that Sheehan lived in Illinois. The email notice Sheehan provided the defendants was not sufficient process under the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad. The district court and Seventh Circuit affirmed. None of the defendants had minimum contacts with the United States. View "Sheehan v. Breccia Unlimited Co." on Justia Law

In 2019, Laney financed a Ford Edge from Second Chance, agreeing to pay attorney’s fees in the event of default. Four months later, Laney filed a Chapter 13 bankruptcy petition. The bankruptcy court ordered Laney to amend his original plan to account for Chance's “Claim 3” for the Edge as a “910 claim” (debts for personal vehicles purchased less than 910 days before the filed bankruptcy petition must be paid in full, 11 U.S.C. 1325(a)). Laney amended the plan but failed to provide for full payment. Chance again objected and requested attorney’s fees for filing the same objection twice. The bankruptcy court again ordered Laney to amend the plan and allowed Chance to file an affidavit of attorney’s fees. Laney’s second amended plan accounted for the full outstanding principal and interest but not for attorney’s fees.The bankruptcy court confirmed the plan, which listed the Edge claim to be paid in full with interest. At the court’s request, Second Chance amended Claim 3 to include attorney’s fees, but labeled it as “Claim 9,” which led Laney to object. The court concluded that Claim 9 would be treated as an amendment to Claim 3. Laney unsuccessfully argued that the claim violated 11 U.S.C. 1327(a). The district court and Seventh Circuit affirmed. The bankruptcy court provided compelling reasons for allowing the post-confirmation amendment; the attorney’s fees were reasonable and necessary. View "Laney v. Second Chance Auto, Inc." on Justia Law

In 2014, Helmstetter filed a state court lawsuit against his former employer, Kingdom. Kingdom filed counterclaims and a separate lawsuit. Helmstetter's 2019 bankruptcy petition automatically stayed the state court litigation. Helmstetter filed schedules of assets and liabilities under penalty of perjury, valuing his total assets at $8.5 million, which included his projected state court recovery at between $5-7.5 million. Helmstetter valued his liabilities at $6.5-$10.5 million. After Helmstetter filed his first amended schedules, bankruptcy trustee Herzog obtained approval of a settlement with Kingdom, which agreed to pay the estate $550,000. Subsequently, Helmstetter filed amended schedules, valuing his total assets at $43 million and his liabilities at $20 million; he included $16 million for the state court litigation. Helmstetter provided no evidence to support the estimates, and his accountants’ report did not explain the methodologies they used.The bankruptcy court approved the settlement agreement over Helmstetter’s objection. Without seeking a stay of the order, Helmstetter appealed. The district court dismissed. Herzog and Kingdom executed the settlement agreement and dismissed the state court litigation. The Seventh Circuit affirmed. Helmstetter failed to show how it is likely, not merely speculative, that his purported injury would be redressed by a favorable decision; he lacks Article III standing to appeal the decision. View "Helmstetter v. Herzog" on Justia Law